The 3G4G Blog: United Nations

Wednesday, 4 January 2023

How Many People are Still Unconnected in 2023 and Why?

I hear in many presentations that half the world is still unconnected so we need a solution XYZ. In this post I will explore how many people are really unconnected and why.

GSMA produces an annual report called "The State of Mobile Internet Connectivity Report". The latest issue from Nov 2022 explains the number of people that are still unconnected because of coverage gap or the usage gap. Quoting from the report:

(click to expand the image)

By the end of 2021, 4.3 billion people were using mobile internet, representing 55% of the world’s population, up from 31% in 2014 (see Figure 1). This translates into almost 300 million people coming online in the past year. Most of the people who started using mobile internet in 2021 came from LMICs (low and middle-income countries), where 94% of the unconnected population live.

By the end of 2021, the share of the world’s population living in areas without mobile broadband coverage stood at 5%, meaning that 400 million people are still not covered by a mobile broadband network. Since 2018, this coverage gap has reduced by only 1 pp a year (see Figure 1), highlighting how the remaining uncovered communities – which are predominantly rural, poor and sparsely populated – are the most challenging to reach in a financially sustainable manner. For example, in least developed countries (LDCs) almost 30% of people living in rural areas are still not covered by a mobile broadband network.

A much larger proportion of the unconnected live in areas already covered by mobile broadband networks. By the end of 2021, 40% of the world’s population (3.2 billion people) were living within the footprint of a mobile broadband network but not using mobile internet. While this usage gap remained relatively unchanged between 2014 and 2019, it declined by 300 million people (or 5 pp) over the past two years. However, the usage gap remains substantial and is now almost eight times the size of the coverage gap. It is worth noting that these numbers are for the total population, some of whom would never be expected to use the internet (e.g. young infants). Indeed, taking adults (18 years old and above) only, the usage gap stands at 25%, a much smaller though still significant gap.

The report further expands the reasons for usage gap as shown below:

(click to enlarge)

As can be seen, the reasons have been grouped in 5 major categories as follows:

Literacy and digital skills

I do not know how to access the internet on a mobile phone
I have difficulties with reading and writing
I find it difficult to use a mobile in general (calling, texting or mobile internet)
I do not have time to learn how to use the internet on a mobile phone
There is nobody to teach or help me to use mobile internet

Relevance

There is not enough in my own language on the internet
I do not find the internet relevant enough for me (not useful or not interesting)

Affordability

The cost of buying a mobile phone that can access the internet is too high for me
The cost of buying data to use the internet on my mobile is too high for me

Safety and security

I am concerned that I would receive unwanted contact from people online (e.g. scam emails or unwanted messages)
I am concerned that it might expose myself or my family to harmful content
I am concerned that my identity or other private information will be stolen or misused

Access

There is limited or no coverage to access the internet in my area
Using the internet on my mobile phone is too slow (e.g. connection speeds)
My family does not approve of me using the internet on a mobile phone
It is hard to find a mobile phone agent or representative to buy mobile internet data from
Using the internet on my mobile phone uses too much battery
I cannot borrow or pay to use internet on another person’s phone
It is hard to find somewhere to buy a mobile phone which is able to connect to the internet

There are many reports of blackmail and extortion cases in India that are linked to mobile phones and internet. You can read about them here and here. These also discourage a lot of people to embrace smartphones, especially women.

Although women account for close to half the world's population, 259 million fewer women have access to the Internet than men.
The #GenderGap in lower-income nations has not improved since 2019 https://t.co/NSO6FZi15s #ITUdata pic.twitter.com/BnMIbe1tgF
— Int’l Telecommunication Union (@ITU) December 29, 2022

Although women account for close to half the world's population, according to a UN report on gender digital divide, 259 million fewer women have access to the Internet than men in 2022.

I hope that the next time presenters are talking about the number of unconnected people, they put things in context and mention the connectivity and the usage gap.

Finally, here is a webinar recording from M4D discussing the latest trends in global connectivity from The State of Mobile Internet Connectivity Report 2022: