Evolution and Impact of Cellular Location Services (LCS)

Location Services (LCS) have been standardized by 3GPP across all major generations of cellular technology, including 2G (GSM), 3G (UMTS), 4G (LTE), and 5G. These services enable applications to determine the geographical location of mobile devices, facilitating crucial functions such as emergency calls, navigation, and location-based advertising. The consistent adoption of standardized protocols ensures interoperability, scalability, and reliability, empowering mobile operators and device manufacturers to implement location services in a globally consistent manner.

The evolution of LCS technology has seen remarkable advancements with each generation of cellular networks. Early implementations in 2G and 3G relied on basic techniques such as Cell-ID, Timing Advance, and triangulation, which offered limited accuracy and were suitable only for rudimentary use cases. 

The introduction of LTE in 3GPP Release 9 marked a significant improvement, integrating support for regulatory services like emergency call localization and commercial applications such as mapping. LTE networks commonly employ global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), like GPS, to determine locations. However, alternative methods using the LTE air interface are crucial in scenarios where GNSS signals are obstructed, such as indoors or in dense urban environments. An LTE network can support horizontal positioning accuracy of 50m for 80% of mobiles and a vertical positioning accuracy of 5m and an end-to-end latency of 30 seconds.

In 5G, the introduction of high-bandwidth, low-latency communication and new architectural enhancements allows for even more accurate and responsive location services. These improvements support critical use cases like autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and industrial IoT applications. 

5G networks have further improved LCS with high-bandwidth, low-latency communication and architectural enhancements. These innovations enable critical applications like autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and industrial IoT. In Release 15, 5G devices support legacy LTE location protocols through the Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC). From Release 16, the Network Exposure Function (NEF) streamlines location requests for modern applications. A 5G network is expected to deliver a horizontal positioning accuracy of 3m indoors and 10m outdoors, a vertical positioning accuracy of 3m in both environments and an end-to-end latency of one second.

The standardization efforts of 3GPP have ensured that location services meet stringent requirements for accuracy, privacy, and security. Emergency services, for instance, benefit from these standards through Enhanced 911 (E911) in the United States and similar mandates globally, which require precise location reporting for mobile callers. Furthermore, standardization fosters innovation by providing a common foundation on which developers can create new location-based services and applications. As cellular networks continue to evolve, 3GPP’s standardized LCS will remain a cornerstone in bridging connectivity with the physical world, enabling smarter, safer, and more connected societies.

Mpirical recently shared a video exploring the concepts and drivers of Location Services (LCS). It's embedded below:

If you want to learn more about LCS, check out Mpirical's training course on this topic which seeks to provide an end to end exploration of the techniques and technologies involved, including the driving factors, standardization, requirements, architectural elements, protocols and protocol stacks, 2G-5G LCS operation and location finding techniques (overview and specific examples).

Mpirical is a leading provider of telecoms training, specializing in mobile and wireless technologies such as 5G, LTE, and IoT. They boast a course catalogue of wide ranging topics and technologies for all levels, with each course thoughtfully broken down into intuitive learning modules. 

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• The 3G4G Blog: Short Tutorial on Mission Critical Services in LTE and 5G
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Tutorial Session on Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) and 3GPP Standards from 5G to 6G

Over five years ago, we introduced the concept of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) in our NTN tutorial and wrote IEEE ComSoc article, "The Role of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) in Future 5G Networks." Since then, the landscape has seen remarkable transformations with advancements in standards, innovations in satellite connectivity, and progress in real-world applications.

The 2024 Global Forum on Connecting the World from the Skies, held on November 25–26, served as a pivotal platform for stakeholders across the spectrum; policymakers, industry leaders, and technical experts. Jointly organized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and Saudi Arabia’s Communications, Space & Technology Commission (CST), the event underscored NTNs' growing importance in advancing global connectivity.

A key highlight of the forum was Tutorial Session 2, delivered by Gino Masini, Principal Researcher, Standardization at Ericsson. The session, titled "Non-Terrestrial Networks and 3GPP Standards from 5G to 6G," provided an in-depth look at the evolution of NTNs and their integration into mobile networks.

Key Takeaways from the Session included:

• 3GPP Standardization Milestones:
• Release 17: NTN integration began, paving the way for seamless 5G coverage.
• Release 18: Enhanced features and capabilities, focusing on improved satellite-terrestrial convergence.
• Release 19 (Ongoing): Lays the foundation for natively integrated NTN frameworks in 6G.
• Unified Networks in 6G: A focus on radio access network architecture demonstrated how NTN can evolve from a supporting role to becoming an intrinsic component of future 6G systems.
• Industry Impact: The session highlighted how convergence between satellite and terrestrial networks is no longer aspirational but a tangible reality, fostering a truly unified global connectivity ecosystem.

With NTNs now integral to 3GPP's vision, the groundwork has been laid for scalable satellite connectivity that complements terrestrial networks. The insights shared at the forum emphasize the importance of collaboration across industry and standards organizations to unlock the full potential of NTNs in both 5G and 6G.

For those interested, the full tutorial slides and session video are embedded below.

Non-Terrestrial Networks and 3GPP Standards from 5G to 6G from 3G4G

Gino has kindly shared the slides that can be downloaded from here.

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RAN, AI, AI-RAN and Open RAN

The Japanese MNO Softbank is taking an active role in trying to bring AI to RAN. In a research story published recently, they explain that AI-RAN integrates AI into mobile networks to enhance performance and enable low-latency, high-security services via distributed AI data centres. This innovative infrastructure supports applications like real-time urban safety monitoring and optimized network throughput. Through the AI-RAN Alliance, SoftBank collaborates with industry leaders to advance technology and create an ecosystem for AI-driven societal and industrial solutions.

This video provides a nice short explanation of what AI-RAN means:

SoftBank's recent developments in AI-RAN technology further its mission to integrate AI with mobile networks, highlighted by the introduction of "AITRAS." This converged solution leverages NVIDIA's Grace Hopper platform and advanced orchestrators to unify vRAN and AI applications, enabling efficient and scalable networks. By collaborating with partners like Red Hat and Fujitsu, SoftBank aims to commercialize AI-RAN globally, addressing the demands of next-generation connectivity. Together, these initiatives align with SoftBank's vision of transforming telecommunications infrastructure to power AI-driven societies. Details are available on SoftBank's page here.

Last month, theNetworkingChannel hosted a webinar looking at 'AI-RAN and Open RAN: Exploring Convergence of AI-Native Approaches in Future Telecommunication Technologies'. The slides have not been shared and the details of the speakers are available here. The webinar is embedded below:

NVIDIA has a lot more technical details available on their blog post here.

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TechKnowledge Technology Stories (Series 1)

TechKnowledge is a series of Technology Stories looking at how technology has evolved over the years and how it will continue to evolve in the future. The series is targeted at youth looking to understand how technology has been evolving and how it will evolve further. It is our intention to make a ten part series but as of yet only four parts are complete. 

Part 1: 'Smaller, Faster, Cheaper and More…' looks at how technology has evolved by things getting smaller, faster, cheaper and much more. It investigates Moore’s law and how it has helped create a future technology roadmap.

Part 2: 'Connecting Everything Everywhere…' discusses different connectivity options available to connect various devices, gadgets and appliances to the internet. It highlights the fact that this is just the beginning, and everything that can be connected will eventually get connected.

Part 3: 'Satellites - Our Friends In The Sky…' discusses the fact that they are our friends and helpers in the sky. In discusses how satellites are useful as a connectivity option, how it helps us map and navigate, how we can use location based services, how we can watch broadcast video or listen to broadcast radio, and last but not least, how satellites are helping us observe and monitor the earth. 

Part 4: 'Devices and Gadgets - Our Companions and Life Savers…' looks at the fact that we use a variety of electronic devices/gadgets in our everyday lives to make it more convenient, efficient, and even keep us connected. From smartphones and laptops to smart home appliances and wearable tech, these devices simplify tasks, enhance productivity, and provide instant access to information and communication. They help us manage work, stay in touch with loved ones, and access entertainment on the go. Gadgets like fitness trackers promote healthier lifestyles, while others automate household chores, saving time and energy. Overall, the connected devices & gadgets have become essential tools in modern life, blending seamlessly into our routines and transforming how we live and interact.

The playlist of the videos is embedded below:

The slides can be downloaded from here.

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• 3G4G: Free 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G Training Videos
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• The 3G4G Blog: Private Networks Introductory Series
• The 3G4G Blog: A Quick Introduction to 3GPP
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G and Cyber Security
• The 3G4G Blog: Tech Quotes we should know about - #TechQuotes
• The 3G4G Blog: Tech Laws we should all know about - #TechLaws 

Detection of Real-world Fake Base Station (FBS) Attacks in Thailand

It's been a while since we created our security tutorial, back in 2018. One of the items we discussed in there were the fake cell towers or the fake base stations. The issues highlighted there still exist as highlighted by AIS CISO, Pepijn Kok at The Telecom Threat Intelligence Summit (TTIS) 2024.

The cyber threat actors exploited GSM authentication vulnerabilities to use fake base stations as part of SMS phishing attacks to steal from real bank accounts. In his talk Pepijn explains how AIS worked with ecosystem partners in Thailand to detect and block these attacks.

The talk described two case studies. The first one was a report from Dec 2022 where certain bank customers and online retail platform users were receiving SMS messages masquerading as the bank or online platform itself (something not typically possible). The messages contained links to malicious content. The second one is a recent case from April 2024 where AIS customers started receiving fake SMS with malicious links. It was obvious in that case that the SMS did not come from the AIS network which triggered AIS to start investigating as they were sure there was a fake base station in operation. The talk describes how in both the scenarios the gangs were caught.

The talk is embedded below:

You can learn more about TTIS here. The video of all the talks from day 1 is here and day 2 is here.

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• 3G4G: Overview of Security in Mobile Cellular Networks 

GSA's Updates on Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Numbers

In the GSA 4G/5G FWA Forum Plenary back in June, GSA identified announced service offers using LTE or 5G from 554 operators in 187 countries and territories, and launched services from 477 operators in 175 markets worldwide, as of late 2023. However, digging into these global numbers and the regional picture of operators delivering FWA services using LTE or 5G varies widely.

The GSA 4G-5G FWA Forum Plenary brought together operators from the MEA and APAC regions to identify and share their best practice fixed wireless access use cases. The webinar is embedded below:

The FWA Market June 2024 report is available here to download.

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Explaining Telecoms

Over the years we have made a lot of tutorials explaining mobile wireless technology (list here). Here is another one that came up as part of a discussion where many experienced telecom engineers seemed to be struggling explaining what telecoms mean. Slides and video embedded below:

Slides:

Beginners: What Does ‘Telecommunications’ or ‘Telecoms’ Mean? from 3G4G

Video:

You can download the pdf from here.

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Navigating the Airwaves: The Future of Spectrum in Wi-Fi and Cellular Networks

Peter Rysavy is the president of Rysavy Research LLC, the consulting firm that he has led since 1993, focusing on computer networking, wireless technology, and mobile computing. Recently he did a presentation for Oregon Chapter of IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc). The abstract of the talk states:

Wireless communication is fundamental to our digital society, with radio spectrum the key enabling resource. Understanding the critical role of spectrum provides deep insight into how wireless technologies function and how they will evolve. This enlightening talk delves into the ingenious advancements in Wi-Fi and cellular networks to harness spectrum, including increasing efficiency, deploying new bands, aggregating channels, and dynamically sharing spectrum. Despite huge progress, formidable challenges remain in meeting soaring demands for capacity, achieving global harmonization, and ensuring coexistence with existing services. 

Key takeaways:

• There is increasing demand for wireless spectrum from technologies like WiFi and 5G cellular networks, but the amount of usable spectrum is finite.
• Different spectrum bands have tradeoffs between coverage, capacity, and ability to support new technologies. The mid-band spectrum between 2 and 6 GHz is well-suited for 5G.
• Technologies are evolving to use spectrum more efficiently through techniques like carrier aggregation, advanced modulation, massive MIMO, and puncturing in WiFi 7.
• The US lacks a clear long-term national spectrum strategy and roadmap, putting it at a disadvantage compared to countries like China, which plan spectrum allocations years in advance.
• Spectrum sharing is complex with no one-size-fits-all solution, though approaches like beamforming, dynamic spectrum access databases, and sensing show promise if challenges are addressed.
• Harmonizing spectrum use globally through conferences helps drive economies of scale in devices and supports roaming, though the US diverges in some bands like 6 GHz assigned solely to WiFi.

The video of the talk is embedded below:

The slides are available here.

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Resilient Timing for Critical National Infrastructure

Critical infrastructure requires precise timing to operate. This reliance makes the infrastructure vulnerable to disruptions in timing that can be either intentional or unintentional. Intentional disruptions can be caused by GNSS jamming or spoofing or network attacks.. Unintentional disruptions are usually caused by equipment failures or acts of nature.

Back in April 2022, Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) hosted a webinar on this topic, a precursor to the Annual Workshop on Synchronization and Timing Systems (WSTS). The webinar featured top industry experts delivering insight into the latest techniques for adding resilience and robustness to timing infrastructure. It covered the most critical topics in timing resilience, including:

• Redundancy
• Holdover
• Management
• Monitoring
• Alternative reference time sources

Examples address networks used for critical industry applications such as:

• Power grids
• Telecommunications
• Finance systems
• Broadcast/media

The video of the webinar as follows:

Experts participating in the webinar and their presentations are as follows:

• Introduction – Marc Weiss, PhD
• Redundancy and Monitoring – Doug Arnold, Principal Technologist, Meinberg
• Solutions for Backup Resiliency – David Chandler, Product Line Manager, Microchip
• Diversity of Sources (Beyond GNSS) – Anand Ram, Vice President, Business Development, Calnex
• An Example of Resilience and Assurance – Nino De Falcis, Senior Director of Business Development, Oscilloquartz

Please feel free to share other useful resources on this topic in comments.

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UE Assistance Information in LTE and 5G

I have been asked about the UE Assistance Information (UAI) RRC message a few times before. Generally I have always pointed people back to the LTE/5G specifications but here is a concise video that the telecoms technology training company Mpirical have shared recently:

If you want to dig further into details then please see the RRC specifications: 36.331 for LTE and 38.331 for 5G. 

Over the years I have added quite a few short tutorials from Mpirical on this blog, do check them out below.

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Technological Complexification and The Return of Magic

I have been meaning to share this video/presentation by Patrick Scannell for quite some time now. Pat Scannell is a technology and telecom industry consultant who is a world leader on 5G and the co-evolution of technology and cognition, specializing in innovation and commercialization of emerging technologies across a wide range of industries.

At the IEEE International Symposium on Digital Privacy and Social Media 2022, Pat gave a talk titled 'The Return of Magic: Technological Complexification'. The outline of the talk says: 

Today’s tech is characterized by rapidly accelerating complexity, both in the densely layered technology itself but also in the increasingly hyper-specialized people who are needed to build it. But each person who builds it, and certainly most people who use tech, have a diminishing ability to understand how the whole of the techno-ecological niche we have created for ourselves (what I term ‘the return of magic’).

The case for this argument is outlined and then shows that the problems associated with this phenomenon are amplified by an inherent characteristic of a complex system - the lack of ability to know, understand, and predict system outcomes.

Against the broad scope of human history, the result of these forces could represent a reversal of a trend that started in the Enlightenment, but it also has very specific and actionable consequences on the day-to-day work of the tech industry and on Digital Privacy of our customers.

This talk aims to frame the problems, but in a constructive way that allows us to begin to build and adopt better technology, which could scaffold a better human experience.

The talk is embedded below, thanks to IEEE TV:

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6G Global - Videos & Presentations from Mobile Korea 2023

5G Forum, South Korea organises Mobile Korea conference every year. Mobile Korea 2023 had two conferences within it, '6G Global', looking at 'Beyond Connectivity and New Possibilities', and '5G Vertical Summit', looking at 'Leading to Sustainable Society with 5G'.

Selected videos from Mobile Korea 2023 5G Vertical Summit are available here: https://t.co/zozmQ43s0v #Free5Gtraining #3G4G5G #MobileKorea #5GSummit #UAM #KUAM #ITS #AutonomousDriving #V2X #CV2X #Sidelink #NTN #PrivateNetworks #Healthcare #SmartCity #APIs pic.twitter.com/7Xrv8V1L4s

— Free 5G Training (@5Gtraining) December 4, 2023

I often complain about how organisations working in 6G often lack social networks skills, in this case, even the website is not very user friendly and doesn't contain a lot of details. Full marks for uploading the videos on YouTube though.

Anyway, here are the videos and presentations that were shared from the summit:

• Opening + Keynote Session - Moderator : LEE, HyeonWoo, DanKook University
• Standardization and Technical Trend for 6G, SungHyun CHOI, Samsung Research (video, presentation)
• Session 1 : 6G Global Trend - Moderator : JaeHoon CHUNG, LG Electronics Inc.
• Thoughts on standardization and Industry priorities to ensure timely market readiness for 6G, Sari NIELSEN, Nokia (video, presentation)
• On the convergence route for 6G, Wen TONG, Huawei (video, presentation)
• The Path from 5G to 6G: Vision and Technology, Edward G. TIEDMANN, Qualcomm Technologies  (video, presentation)
• Shaping 6G – Technology and Services, Bo HAGERMAN, Ericsson (video, presentation)
• Government Session
• Keynote : Korea's 6G R&D Promotion Strategy, KyeongRae CHO, Ministry of Science and ICT (video, presentation)
• Session 2 : 6G Global Collaboration - Moderator : Juho LEE, Samsung Electronics
• 6G R&D and promotion in Japan, Kotaro KUWAZU, B5GPC (video, presentation)
• Technology evolution toward beyond 5G and 6G, Charlie ZHANG, Samsung Research (video, presentation)
• AI-Native RAN and Air Interface : Promises and Challenges, Balaji Raghothaman, Keysight (video, presentation)
• Enabling 6G Research through Rapid Prototyping and Test LEE, SeYong, (NI) (video, presentation)
• Global Collaborative R&D Activities for Advanced Radio Technologies, JaeHoon CHUNG, LG Electronics (video, presentation)
• International research collaboration – key to a sustainable 6G road, Thomas HAUSTEIN, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute (video, presentation)
• 6G as Cellular Network 2.0: A Networked Computing Perspective, KyungHan LEE, Seoul National University (video, presentation)
• Towards a Sustainable 6G, Marcos KATZ, University of Oulu (video, presentation)
• Pannel Discussion : Roles of Public Domain in 6G R&D - Moderator : HyeonWoo LEE, DanKook University
• 6G R&D Direction and Introduction of IITP, SungHo CHOI, IITP (video, presentation)
• NICT's role for Beyond 5G R&D, Iwao HOSAKO, NICT (video, presentation)
• 6G Smart Networks and Services JU: R&D for 6G in Europe, Alexandros KALOXYLOS, 6GIA (video, presentation)
• Taiwan 6G Vision and R&D Activities SHIEH, Shin-Lin, ITRI (video, presentation)
• Session 3 : 6G Global Mega Project - Moderator: YoungJo KO, ETRI
• Sub-THz band wireless transmission and access technology for 6G Tbps data rate, JuYong LEE, KAIST (video, presentation)
• The post Shannon Era: Towards Semantic, Goal-Oriented and Reconfigurable Intelligent Environments aided 6G communications, Emilio CALVANESE STRINATI, CEA Leti (video, presentation)
• Demonstration of 1.4 Tbits wireless transmission using OAM multiplexing technology in the sub-THz band, DooHwan LEE, NTT Corporation (video, presentation)
• Latest 6G research progress in China, Zhiqin WANG, CAICT (video, presentation)

If there are no links in video/presentation than it hasn't been shared.

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AI/ML and Other ICT Industry Trends in the coming decades

At the Brooklyn 6G Summit (B6GS) 2023, top tier economist Dr. Jeff Shen from BlackRock, presented a talk from the industry perspective of AI (Artificial Intelligence) and investment. Jeff Shen, PhD, Managing Director, is Co-CIO and Co-Head of Systematic Active Equity (SAE) at BlackRock. He is a member of the BlackRock Global Operating Committee, BlackRock Systematic (BSYS) Management Committee and the BlackRock Asian Middle Eastern & Allies Network (AMP) Executive Committee.

How are firms reacting to AI? From 'ICT Industry Trends in the coming decades' by Jeff Shen, BlackRock at #B6GS - I am guessing the peak of mobile mention was the peak 5G hype in 2015/16. Hopefully the industry is now much wiser and won't repeat the 6G hype. pic.twitter.com/xjEiDtmSUZ

— Zahid Ghadialy (@zahidtg) November 5, 2023

In his talk he covered the history of how and where AI has been traditionally used and how the thinking around AI has changed over the last few decades. He then presented his view on if AI is just a fad or it's more than that. To illustrate the fact, he provided an example of how Generative AI market is expected to grow from $40 Billion in 2022 to $1.3 Trillion in 2032. 

There are many challenges that AI faces that one should be aware of; namely regulation, cyber threats and ethical concerns. In the US, AI touches the entire economy, from legal to healthcare. In their quarterly reporting, firms are now discussing AI and the larger tech companies are not afraid to grow inorganically in order to get more exposure to the trend. 

You can watch the whole of his talk embedded below, courtesy of IEEE Tv.

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Private Networks Introductory Series

Private Networks has been a hot topic for a while now. We made a technical introductory video which has over 13K views while its slides have over 25K views. The Private Networks blog that officially started in April is now getting over 2K views a month. 

In addition, there are quite a few questions and enquiries that I receive on them on a regular basis. With this background, it makes sense to add these Introductory video series by Firecell in a post. Their 'Private Networks Tutorial Series' playlist, aiming to demystify private networks, is embedded below:

The playlist has five videos at the moment, hopefully they will add more:

• Introduction to different kinds of mobile networks: public, private and hybrid networks
• Different Names for Private Networks
• Drivers and Enablers of Private Networks
• Mobile Cellular vs Wi-Fi Private Networks
• Architecture of Mobile Private Networks

I also like this post on different names for private networks.

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• The 3G4G Blog: Private 4G / 5G Cellular Networks and Bring Your Own Spectrum
• The 3G4G Blog: Non-public networks (NPN) - Private Networks by another name 

EPS Fallback Mechanism in 5G Standalone Networks

Ralf Kreher explained EPS Fallback mechanism in his post earlier, which is still quite popular. This post contains couple of videos that also explain this procedure. 

The first is a very short and simple tutorial from Mpirical, embedded below:

The second is a slightly technical presentation explaining how 5G system can redirect the 5G VoNR capable device to the 4G system to continue for IMS based VoLTE voice call.

Related Posts:

• The 3G4G Blog: EPS Fallback in 5G Standalone Deployments
• The 3G4G Blog: IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Support for Service Based Architecture (SBA)
• The 3G4G Blog: Two Types of SMS in 5G
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G User Plane Redundancy
• The 3G4G Blog: Network Slicing using User Equipment Route Selection Policy (URSP)
• The 3G4G Blog: Voice over New Radio (VoNR) Establishment and Release between NG RAN and 5G Core
• The 3G4G Blog: A quick starter on 4G voice (for beginners) 

Is there a compelling Business Case for 5G Network Slicing in Public Networks?

Since the industry realised how the 5G Network Architecture will look like, Network Slicing has been touted as the killer business case that will allow the mobile operators to generate revenue from new sources.

Last month ABI Research said in a press release:

According to global technology intelligence firm ABI Research, 5G slicing revenue is expected to grow from US$309 million in 2022 to approximately US$24 billion in 2028, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 106%. 

“5G slicing adoption falls into two main categories. One, there is no connectivity available. Two, there is connectivity, but there is not sufficient capacity, coverage, performance, or security. For the former, both private and public organizations are deploying private network slices on a permanent and ad hoc basis,” highlights Don Alusha, 5G Core and Edge Networks Senior Analyst at ABI Research. The second scenario is mostly catered by private networks today, a market that ABI Research expects to grow from US$3.6 billion to US$109 billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 45.8%. Alusha continues, “A sizable part of this market can be converted to 5G slicing. But first, the industry should address challenges associated with technology and commercial models. On the latter, consumers’ and enterprises’ appetite to pay premium connectivity prices for deterministic and tailored connectivity services remains to be determined. Furthermore, there are ongoing industry discussions on whether the value that comes from 5G slicing can exceed the cost required to put together the underlying slicing ecosystem.”

I recently published IDC's first forecast on 5G network slicing services opportunity. Slicing should be an important tool for telcos to create new services, but it still remains many years away in most markets. A very complicated undertakinghttps://t.co/GNY4xiLFBV

— Daryl Schoolar (@DHSchoolar) April 29, 2022

Earlier this year, Daryl Schoolar - Research Director at IDC tackled this topic in his blog post:

5G network slicing, part of the 3GPP standards developed for 5G, allows for the creation of multiple virtual networks across a single network infrastructure, allowing enterprises to connect with guaranteed low latency. Using principles behind software-defined network and network virtualization, slicing allows the mobile operator to provide differentiated network experience for different sets of end users. For example, one network slice could be configured to support low latency, while another slice is configured for high download speeds. Both slices would run across the same underlying network infrastructure, including base stations, transport network, and core network.

Network slicing differs from private mobile networks, in that network slicing runs on the public wide area network. Private mobile networks, even when offered by the mobile operator, use infrastructure and spectrum dedicated to the end user to isolate the customer’s traffic from other users.

5G network slicing is a perfect candidate for future business connectivity needs. Slicing provides a differentiated network experience that can better match the customers performance requirements than traditional mobile broadband. Until now, there has been limited mobile network performance customization outside of speeds. 5G network slicing is a good example of telco service offerings that meet future of connectivity requirements. However, 5G network slicing also highlights the challenges mobile operators face with transformation in their pursuit of remaining relevant.

For 5G slicing to have broad commercial availability, and to provide a variety of performance options, several things need to happen first.

• Operators need to deploy 5G Standalone (SA) using the new 5G mobile core network. Currently most operators use the 5G non-standalone (NSA) architecture that relies on the LTE mobile core. It might be the end of 2023 before the majority of commercial 5G networks are using the SA mode.
• Spectrum is another hurdle that must be overcome. Operators still make most of their revenue from consumers, and do not want to compromise the consumer experience when they start offering network slicing. This means operators need more spectrum. In the U.S., among the three major mobile operators, only T-Mobile currently has a nationwide 5G mid-band spectrum deployment. AT&T and Verizon are currently deploying in mid-band, but that will not be completed until 2023.
• 5G slicing also requires changes to the operator’s business and operational support systems (BSS/OSS). Current BSS/OSS solutions were not designed to support the increased parameters those systems were designed to support.
• And finally, mobile operators still need to create the business propositions around commercial slicing services. Mobile operators need to educate businesses on the benefits of slicing and how slicing supports their different connectivity requirements. This could involve mobile operators developing industry specific partnerships to reach different business segments. All these things take time to be put into place.

Because of the enormity of the tasks needed to make 5G network slicing a commercial success, IDC currently has a very conservative outlook for this service through 2026. IDC believes it will be 2023 until there is general commercial availability of 5G network slicing. The exception is China, which is expected to have some commercial offerings in 2022 as it has the most mature 5G market. Even then, it will take until 2025 before global revenues from slicing exceeds a billion U.S. dollars. In 2026 IDC forecasts slicing revenues will be approximately $3.2 billion. However, over 80% of those revenues will come out of China.

I'll put my hand up:

When it comes to #5G, I'm an unashamed #SliceDenier

Network slicing is one of the mobile industry's worst strategic errors since IMS.https://t.co/lc7EJ8SgP1 pic.twitter.com/Nz1vvNS9bA

— Dean Bubley (@disruptivedean) July 14, 2022

The 'Outspoken Industry Analyst' Dean Bubley believes that Network Slicing is one of the worst strategic errors made by the mobile industry, since the catastrophic choice of IMS for communications applications. In a LinkedIn post he explains:

At best, slicing is an internal toolset that might allow telco operations or product teams (or their vendors) to manage their network resources. For instance, it could be used to separate part of a cell's capacity for FWA, and dynamically adjust that according to demand. It might be used as an "ingredient" to create a higher class of service for enterprise customers, for instance for trucks on a highway, or as part of an "IoT service" sold by MNOs. Public safety users might have an expensive, artisanal "hand-carved" slice which is almost a separate network. Maybe next-gen MVNOs.

(I'm talking proper 3GPP slicing here - not rebranded QoS QCI classes, private APNs, or something that looks like a VLAN, which will probably get marketed as "slices")

But the idea that slicing is itself a *product*, or that application developers or enterprises will "buy a slice" is delusional.

Firstly, slices will be dependent on [good] coverage and network control. A URLLC slice likely won't work reliably indoors, underground, in remote areas, on a train, on a neutral-host network, or while roaming. This has been a basic failure of every differentiated-QoS monetisation concept for many years, and 5G's often-higher frequencies make it worse, not better.

Secondly, there is no mature machinery for buying, selling, testing, supporting. price, monitoring slices. No, the 5G Network Exposure Function won't do it all. I haven't met a Slice salesperson yet, or a Slice-procurement team.

Thirdly, a "local slice" of a national 5G network will run headlong into a battle with the desire for separate private/dedicated local 5G networks, which may well be cheaper and easier. It also won't work well with the enterprise's IT/OT/IP domains, out of the box.

Also there's many challenges getting multi-operator slices, device OS links to slice APIs, slice "boundary controllers" between operators, aligning RAN and core slices, regulatory questionmarks and much more.

There are lots of discussion in the comments section that may be of interest to you, here.

My belief is that we will see lots of interesting use cases with slicing in public networks but it will be difficult to monetise. The best networks will manage to do it to create some plans with guaranteed rates and low latency. It would remain to be see whether they can successfully monetise it well enough. 

New 5G Americas Whitepaper: Commercializing 5G Network Slicing - https://t.co/nEDKoTShSQ #Free5Gtraining #3G4G5G #5G #5GNetwork #5GTechnology #NetworkSlicing #5GSlicing #5GS #5GCore #5GStandalone #Orchestration #Automation #NFV #MultiTenancy #Vertical #Horizontal #Slicing pic.twitter.com/juatw3vCwq

— Free 5G Training (@5Gtraining) July 28, 2022

For technical people and newbies, there are lots of Network Slicing resources on this blog (see related posts 👇). Here is another recent video from Mpirical:

Related Posts: 

• The 3G4G Blog: 5G Network Slicing for Beginners
• The 3G4G Blog: Network Slicing Tutorials and Other Resources
• The 3G4G Blog: Network Slicing using User Equipment Route Selection Policy (URSP)
• The 3G4G Blog: Network Slicing in NG RAN
• The 3G4G Blog: How to Identify Network Slices in NG RAN
• The 3G4G Blog: QoS Flow Establishments in 5G Standalone RAN and Core
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G Slicing Templates
• The 3G4G Blog: End-to-end Network Slicing in 5G 

GSMAi Webinar: Is the Industry Moving Fast Enough on Standalone 5G?

I recently participated in a webinar, discussing one of my favourite topics, 5G Standalone (5G SA). If you do not know about 5G SA, you may want to quickly watch my short and simple video on the topic here.

Next week I am participating in a webinar, "Open for Debate: Is the Industry Moving Fast Enough on Standalone 5G?" along with Peter Jarich, Radhika Gupta and Tim Hatt. Hope to see you there: https://t.co/TQ8Aa5LXYP #3G4G5G #5G #5GNetworks #5GTechnology #5GNR #5GStandalone #5GSA pic.twitter.com/Rd7hGvvCNe

— Zahid Ghadialy (@zahidtg) July 15, 2022

Last year I blogged about GSA's 5G Standalone webinar here. That time we were discussing why 5G SA is taking time to deliver, it was sort of a similar story this time. Things are changing though and you will see a lot more of these standalone networks later this year and even early next year. 

The slides of the webinar are available here and the video is embedded below:

Here are some of my thoughts on why 5G SA is taking much longer than most people anticipated:

• 5G SA will force operators to move to 5G core which is a completely new architecture. The transition to this is taking much longer than expected, especially if there are a lot of legacy services that needs to be supported.
• Many operators are moving towards converged core with 4G & 5G support to simply the core. This transition is taking long.
• For taking complete advantage of 5G architecture, cloud native implementation is required. Some operators have already started the transition to cloud native but others are lagging.
• 5G SA speeds will be lower than NSA speeds hence some operators who don't have a lot of mid-band spectrum are delaying their 5G SA rollouts.
• Many operators have managed to reduce their latency as they start to move to edge datacentres, hence the urgency for 5G standalone has reduced.
• Most operators do not see any new revenue opportunities because of 5G SA, hence they want to be completely ready before rolling out 5G SA
• Finally, you may hear a lot about not enough devices supporting 5G SA but that's not the device manufacturers views.  See this tweet from GSA 👇

#Supporting5Gstandalone

With 5G SA networks now being launched, GSA is already aware of 842 announced devices with claimed support for 5G SA, up 202% from 278 at the end of 2020.

Full report on: https://t.co/8f1fw4R2fI#5G | #SA | #Devices | #GSA pic.twitter.com/7LEoyasplm

— GSA (@gsacom) July 11, 2022

Do you agree with my reasoning? If not, please let me know in the comments.

Related Posts: 

• The 3G4G Blog: The Status of 5G Standalone (5G SA) Networks - March 2021
• The 3G4G Blog: What will 5G Standalone deliver?
• The 3G4G Blog: The Politics of Standalone vs Non-Standalone 5G & 4G Speeds
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G Reality Check - Data Rates
• Operator Watch Blog: Germany gets Two 5G Standalone Networks
• The 3G4G Blog: Minimum Bandwidth Requirement for 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) Deployment
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G Dual Connectivity, Webinar and Architecture Overview
• The 3G4G Blog: What about 5G Network Architecture Option 4 (a.k.a. NE-DC) ?
• Free 5G Training: 5G Use Cases
• Free 5G Training: 5G Adverts
• 3G4G: 5G for Absolute Beginners